The British colonial 'divide and rule' policy systematically fostered Hindu-Muslim antagonism, enabling the Muslim League's two-nation theory to gain traction and making communal partition politically inevitable by .

CURRENT STATE

By , decades of British manipulation had entrenched religious divisions, with the Muslim League demanding a separate state and communal violence escalating, exemplified by the Calcutta riots. British officials, perceiving a communal deadlock, legislated partition through the Indian Independence Act.

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