Entrenched social segregation and cultural norms are the primary cause of persistent caste discrimination, maintaining caste-based social circles and identities despite legal safeguards and affirmative action policies.

CURRENT STATE

This factor results in ongoing social exclusion and discrimination, as evidenced by rising complaints in higher education (a 118.4% increase from 173 in 2019-20 to 378 in 2023-24) and concentrated atrocities in 13 states. 70% of Indians report close friendships within their own caste.

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